Abstract: Artisanal fishing requires the generation of knowledge to support decision-making in the management of fisheries resources in order to achieve its sustainable use. In this sense, the delimitation of areas of fisheries exploitation has been the subject of several studies and is considered the first step in planning efforts and marine spatial planning, where the use of geographic information systems (GIS) and its application influences understanding of fisheries management. Implementing the spatial analysis, the present investigation provide an initial approach of the artisanal fishing of the ‘escama marina' resource that is carried out in Veracruz coast, Mexico, considering the establishment of fishing zones and settlement of the fishing sites, the localities with the greatest resources stock in the region, the distribution of the human effort as well as the depth and operation of fishing gear. The official commercial fishing permits were reviewed for small vessels and field visits were carried out to identify main fishing cooperatives and, through the use of spatial analysis tools, established a zoning scheme divided into 3 fishing areas. Incorporating local fishermen´ knowledge, we counted a total of 164 fishing sites distributed within depth strata, in which different capture systems are implemented for fishing activity. It was found that there are areas with higher concentration of fishing effort in the coast and possible social conflict zones for the fisheries resources in certain areas, which was possible to identify through the use of spatial analysis. The results of our study could become a useful tool to support the decision-making process for the design of zoning schemes and to define other management strategies for fisheries resources in Veracruz coast.

Resumen: La pesca ribereña o artesanal requiere la generación de conocimiento como soporte a la toma de decisiones en la administración de los recursos pesqueros para lograr su uso sustentable. En este sentido, la delimitación de áreas de aprovechamiento pesquero ha sido objeto de diversos estudios ya que se considera el primer paso para realizar esfuerzos de planificación y ordenamiento espacial marino, donde el uso de sistemas de información geográfica (SIG) y su aplicación influye en la comprensión del manejo de las pesquerías. Implementando el análisis espacial, el presente trabajo presenta una primera aproximación del comportamiento de la pesca ribereña del recurso escama marina que se realiza en el litoral Veracruzano, México, considerando el establecimiento de zonas de pesca y asentamiento de los sitios pesqueros, las localidades con mayor acopio del recurso en la región, la distribución del esfuerzo humano así como la profundidad y operación de las artes de pesca. Se revisaron los permisos de pesca comercial oficiales para embarcaciones menores, en campo se identificaron los principales centros de acopio; y mediante el uso de herramientas de análisis espacial se estableció un esquema de zonificación que dividió en 3 zonas de aprovechamiento pesquero al litoral Veracruzano. Integrando el conocimiento experto de pescadores locales, se contabilizaron un total de 164 sitios de captura distribuidos en diferentes estratos de profundidad, donde se implementan diversos sistemas de captura para la actividad pesquera. Se encontró que existen áreas de mayor aprovechamiento pesquero en el litoral y posibles zonas de conflicto social por las áreas de captura. Los resultados de este estudio pueden convertirse en una herramienta útil como soporte al proceso de toma de decisiones, para el diseño de esquemas de zonificación y para definir otras estrategias de manejo para los recursos pesqueros en el litoral Veracruzano.

RESUMO: No leste do Uruguai houve um aumento significativo da seneciosis no gado de pastagem com a maioria das localidades afetadas em municípios vizinhos à fronteira brasileira. Aplicou-se um questionário em 28 fazendas associadas a surtos de intoxicação em bovinos de pastagem na fronteira leste do Uruguai. Coletaram-se cinquenta populações de Senecio para análise de alcalóides e identificação de espécies. Identificaram-se quatro espécies: S. oxyphyllus DC, S. madagascariensis Poir, S. brasiliensis (Spreng.) Less. e S. selloi DC. Identificaram-se os seguintes alcalóides mediante análise combinado de GC-MS e HPLC-MS: retrorsina em S. oxyphyllus; retrorsina, usaramina e senecivernina/senecionina em S. selloi; retrorsina, senecivernina/senecionina, integerimina e usaramina em S. madagascariensis; e integerrimina, retrorsina e senecionina em S. brasiliensis. A concentração média total de alcalóides foi mais elevada em S. brasiliensis (17,6mg/g) seguido de S. oxyphyllus (6,2mg/g), S. selloi (1,8mg/g) e S. madagascariensis (0,6mg/g). As concentrações de alcaloides foram maiores em 2015 em vista à 2016, provavelmente, devido a um fator ambiental comum. As espécies S. oxyphyllus e S. madagascariensis não foram previamente reconhecidas como plantas tóxicas no leste do Uruguai. Particularmente, S. oxyphyllus esteve presente em 82% das fazendas pesquisadas e ocorreu em alta densidade com concentrações relativamente elevadas de alcalóides de pirrolizidina sugerindo que S. oxyphyllus pode ser a principal espécie envolvida nos surtos relatados de seneciosis.

ABSTRACT: In Eastern Uruguay there has been a significant increase of seneciosis in grazing livestock with most affected localities related to counties neighboring the Brazilian border. A survey in 28 farms associated with poisoning outbreaks in grazing cattle in Eastern Uruguay was carried out. Fifty populations of Senecio plants were collected for alkaloid analysis and species identification. Four species were identified: S. oxyphyllus DC, S. madagascariensis Poir, S. brasiliensis (Spreng.) Less., and S. selloi DC. Alkaloids were identified by a combination of GC-MS and HPLC-MS analysis and included: retrorsine in S. oxyphyllus; retrorsine, usaramine, and senecivernine/senecionine in S. selloi; retrorsine, senecivernine/senecionine, integerrimine, and usaramine in S. madagascariensis; and integerrimine, retrorsine and senecionine in S. brasiliensis. Total mean alkaloid concentration was reported to be highest in S. brasiliensis (17.6mg/g) followed by S. oxyphyllus (6.2mg/g), S. selloi (1.8mg/g) and S. madagascariensis (0.6mg/g). Alkaloid concentrations were also reported to be higher in 2015 vs. 2016 probably due to a common environmental factor. The species S. oxyphyllus and S. madagascariensis were not previously recognized as toxic plants in Eastern Uruguay. Particularly, S. oxyphyllus was present in 82% of the farms surveyed and occurred in high density with relative high concentrations of pyrrolizidine alkaloids suggesting S. oxyphyllus may be the main species involved in the reported outbreaks of seneciosis.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency is thought to be common among pregnant women. Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy has been suggested as an intervention to protect against adverse pregnancy outcomes. OBJECTIVES: To examine whether oral supplements with vitamin D alone or in combination with calcium or other vitamins and minerals given to women during pregnancy can safely improve maternal and neonatal outcomes. METHODS: Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (23 February 2015), the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (31 January 2015), the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (28 January 2015) and also contacted relevant organisations (31 January 2015). Selection criteria: Randomized and quasi-randomized trials with randomization at either individual or cluster level, evaluating the effect of supplementation with vitamin D alone or in combination with other micronutrients for women during pregnancy. Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently i) assessed the eligibility of studies against the inclusion criteria ii) extracted data from included studies, and iii) assessed the risk of bias of the included studies. Data were checked for accuracy. The quality of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. MAIN RESULTS: In this updated review we included 15 trials assessing a total of 2833 women, excluded 27 trials, and 23 trials are still ongoing or unpublished. Nine trials compared the effects of vitamin D alone versus no supplementation or a placebo and six trials compared the effects of vitamin D and calcium with no supplementation. Risk of bias in the majority of trials was unclear and many studies were at high risk of bias for blinding and attrition rates. Vitamin D alone versus no supplementation or a placebo Data from seven trials involving 868 women consistently show that women who received vitamin D supplements alone, particularly on a daily basis, had higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D than those receiving no intervention or placebo, but this response was highly heterogeneous. Also, data from two trials involving 219 women suggest that women who received vitamin D supplements may have a lower risk of pre-eclampsia than those receiving no intervention or placebo (8.9% versus 15.5%; risk ratio (RR) 0.52; 95% CI 0.25 to 1.05, low quality). Data from two trials involving 219 women suggest a similar risk of gestational diabetes among those taking vitamin D supplements or no intervention/placebo (RR 0.43; 95% CI 0.05, 3.45, very low quality). There were no clear differences in adverse effects, with only one reported case of nephritic syndrome in the control group in one study (RR 0.17; 95% CI 0.01 to 4.06; one trial, 135 women, low quality). Given the scarcity of data for this outcome, no firm conclusions can be drawn. No other adverse effects were reported in any of the other studies. With respect to infant outcomes, data from three trials involving 477 women suggest that vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy reduces the risk preterm birth compared to no intervention or placebo (8.9% versus 15.5%; RR 0.36; 95% CI 0.14 to 0.93, moderate quality). Data from three trials involving 493 women also suggest that women who receive vitamin D supplements during pregnancy less frequently had a baby with a birthweight below 2500 g than those receiving no intervention or placebo (RR 0.40; 95% CI 0.24 to 0.67, moderate quality). In terms of other outcomes, there were no clear differences in caesarean section (RR 0.95; 95% CI 0.69 to 1.31; two trials; 312 women); stillbirths (RR 0.35 95% CI 0.06, 1.99; three trials, 540 women); or neonatal deaths (RR 0.27; 95% CI 0.04, 1.67; two trials, 282 women). There was some indication that vitamin D supplementation increases infant length (mean difference (MD) 0.70, 95% CI -0.02 to 1.43; four trials, 638 infants) and head circumference at birth (MD 0.43, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.83; four trials, 638 women). Vitamin D and calcium versus no supplementation or a placebo Women who received vitamin D with calcium had a lower risk of pre-eclampsia than those not receiving any intervention (RR 0.51; 95% CI 0.32 to 0.80; three trials; 1114 women, moderate quality), but also an increased risk of preterm birth (RR 1.57; 95% CI 1.02 to 2.43, three studies, 798 women, moderate quality). Maternal vitamin D concentration at term, gestational diabetes, adverse effects and low birthweight were not reported in any trial or reported only by one study. AUTHORS CONCLUSIONS: New studies have provided more evidence on the effects of supplementing pregnant women with vitamin D alone or with calcium on pregnancy outcomes. Supplementing pregnant women with vitamin D in a single or continued dose increases serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D at term and may reduce the risk of pre-eclampsia, low birthweight and preterm birth. However, when vitamin D and calcium are combined, the risk of preterm birth is increased. The clinical significance of the increased serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations is still unclear. In light of this, these results need to be interpreted with caution. Data on adverse effects were lacking in all studies. The evidence on whether vitamin D supplementation should be given as a part of routine antenatal care to all women to improve maternal and infant outcomes remains unclear. While there is some indication that vitamin D supplementation could reduce the risk of pre-eclampsia and increase length and head circumference at birth, further rigorous randomized trials are required to confirm these effects.

La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) sigue un proceso complejo y riguroso para la elaboración de directrices mundiales. En el caso de las directrices relacionadas con nutrición, la participación conjunta de las autoridades de los Estados Miembros de la OMS y sus aliados, incluidos aquellos de la economía social y solidaria, es clave para fortalecer el proceso de elaboración de directrices informadas por las pruebas científicas y su posterior implementación, como parte de las estrategias nacionales de salud pública. Para las autoridades en materia de salud y desarrollo social, la OMS desarrolla una serie de herramientas para la formulación de políticas informadas por las pruebas científicas, considerando su pertinencia, relevancia e implementabilidad. Este proceso de adopción y adaptación debe considerar aspectos de equidad, para evitar la ampliación de brechas en salud. Las directrices mundiales de la OMS contribuyen a que las intervenciones en nutrición en sus Estados Miembros sean implementadas de manera adecuada. Dos experiencias de implementación de intervenciones en nutrición, una en Panamá y otra en Perú, ejemplifican este proceso. El artículo concluye sugiriendo profundizar en el conocimiento y aplicación de la investigación de la implementación de programas para identificar los factores que permiten a una intervención ser efectiva, tener una mejor estrategia de escalabilidad y contribuir a la equidad en salud.

The World Health Organization (WHO) follows a complex and rigorous process to develop global guidelines. With regard to nutrition-related guidelines, the joint participation of national authorities from Member States and their partners, including those of the social economy, is key to strengthening the process of evidence-informed guideline development and the subsequent implementation as part of national public health strategies. WHO puts forward a series of tools that can assist national authorities on health and social development in the elaboration of evidenceinformed policies, considering their pertinence, relevance and implementability. This adoption and adaptation process must consider equity in order to avoid widening existing inequities. WHO global nutrition guidelines contribute to the effective implementation of nutrition interventions in Member States. Two experiences of implementation, one in Panama and one in Peru, exemplify this process. The paper ends by suggesting a deeper understanding and utilization of implementation research during programmes to identify what factors ensure effective interventions, appropriate scale up strategies and greater health equity.

La Asamblea Mundial de la Salud es el órgano decisorio supremo de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se reúne en Ginebra en Mayo de cada año con la asistencia de delegaciones de los Estados Miembros. La 65a Asamblea Mundial de la Salud realizada en Ginebra del 21 al 26 de Mayo de 2012, aprobó el Plan de Aplicación Integral sobre Nutrición de la Madre, el Lactante y el Niño Pequeño, el cual incluye seis metas globales fundamentales para lograr mejorías en relación con: el retraso en el crecimiento (talla baja para la edad) en niños, la anemia en mujeres en edad reproductiva, el bajo peso al nacer, el sobrepeso en niños, la lactancia materna exclusiva y la emaciación en menores de cinco años hasta el año 2025. Las metas globales fueron endosadas por los Países Miembros de la Organización Mundial de la Salud quienes se comprometieron a monitorear y hacer seguimiento del progreso hacia el alcance de las metas. Estas metas permiten identificar las áreas prioritarias de acción y propiciar cambios a nivel mundial. Este articulo describe cuáles son las metas globales y las herramientas disponibles para monitorear a nivel nacional los indicadores propuestos. Los resultados del instrumento de seguimiento desarrollado por la OMS se incorporarán en el informe mundial de nutrición que actualmente prepara un grupo independiente de expertos.

The World Health Assembly is the supreme decision-making body of the World Health Organization. It meets every year in May in the city of Geneva and is attended by delegations of Member States. The 65th World Health Assembly held from the 21st to 26th of May 2012, approved the Comprehensive Implementation Plan on Maternal, Infant and Young Child Nutrition, which includes six key global targets to achieve improvements in: the stunting (low height for age) in children, anemia in women of reproductive age, low birth weight, overweight in children, exclusive breastfeeding, and wasting in children under five years by the year 2025. These goals were endorsed by the Member States of the World Health Organization who pledged to monitor and track the progress for achievements. The goals help to identify priority areas for action and foster global change. This article describes the six global goals and the tools that are available for adaptation at the national level and for monitoring progress indicators proposed by the Member States. The results of the monitoring tool developed by WHO will be incorporated in the world nutrition report which is being prepared by an independent group of experts.

Background Weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a noxious form of cultivated rice (O. sativa L.) associated with intensive rice production and dry seeding. A cost-efficient strategy to control this weed is the Clearfield rice production system, which combines imidazolinone herbicides with mutant imidazolinone-resistant rice varieties. However, imidazolinone resistance mutations can be introgressed in weedy rice populations by natural outcrossing, reducing the life span of the Clearfield technology. Timely and accurate detection of imidazolinone resistance mutations in weedy rice may contribute to avoiding the multiplication and dispersion of resistant weeds and to protect the Clearfield system. Thus, highly sensitive and specific methods with high throughput and low cost are needed. KBioscience's Allele Specific PCR (KASP) is a codominant, competitive allele-specific PCR-based genotyping method. KASP enables both alleles to be detected in a single reaction in a closed-tube format. The aim of this work is to assess the suitability and validity of the KASP method for detection in weedy rice of the three imidazolinone resistance mutations reported to date in rice. Results Validation was carried out by determining the analytical performance of the new method and comparing it with conventional allele-specific PCR, when genotyping sets of cultivated and weedy rice samples. The conventional technique had a specificity of 0.97 and a sensibility of 0.95, whereas for the KASP method, both parameters were 1.00. Conclusions The new method has equal accuracy while being more informative and saving time and resources compared with conventional methods, which make it suitable for monitoring imidazolinone-resistant weedy rice in Clearfield rice fields.

Esta revisión de las recomendaciones de energía y nutrientes para la población Venezolana presenta los valores de hierro, yodo, zinc, selenio, cobre, molibdeno, vitamina C, vitamina E, vitamina K, carotenoides y polifenoles. Se adoptan definiciones internacionales de Ingestas Dietéticas de Referencia (DRIs por Dietary Reference Intakes) que incluyen: Ingesta Dietética Recomendada (RDA), Requerimiento Promedio Estimado (EAR), Ingesta Adecuada (AI) y Niveles de Ingesta Máximos Tolerables (UL). Las RDA para hierro: 11 mg/día para < 1 año, 7-10 mg/día niños, 8-11 mg/día para hombres, 8-18 mg/día para mujeres y 27 mg/día para embarazadas. RDA Yodo: 110-130 mg/ día recién nacidos, 90-120 mg/día niños y adolescentes y 150 mg/ día adultos, 220 mg/día embarazo y 290 mg/día lactancia. RDA Zinc: 2-3 mg/día < 1 año, 3-5 mg/día niños, 8-11 mg/día adolescentes y hombres, 8-9 mg/día adolescentes y mujeres, 12 mg/ día para embarazadas y 13 mg/día durante la lactancia. RDA Vitamina C: 40-50 mg/día recién nacidos, 15-45 mg/día niños, 75 mg/día adolescentes masculinos, 65 mg/día adolescentes femeninas, 90 mg/día hombres y 75 mg/día mujeres, 80-85 mg/día embarazadas y lactancia 115-120 mg/día. También se presentan valores de cobre, selenio, molibdeno, vitaminas E, K, carotenoides y polifenoles. Estas recomendaciones contribuirán al diseño de políticas adecuadas y eficientes que puedan ayudar a evitar o a tratar las consecuencias derivadas de la deficiencia o el exceso de estos nutrientes.

The review on iron, iodine, zinc, selenium, copper, molybdenum, vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin K, carotenoids and polyphenols recommendations for Venezuela comprise the definitions adopted worldwide known as Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) that include Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), Adequate Intake (AI) and Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL). The RDA for iron: 11 mg/day for infants < 1 year of age, 7 - 10 mg/day for children, 8-11 mg/day for males, 8-18 mg/day for females and 27 mg/day during pregnancy. RDA for iodine: 110-130 mg/day for infants, 90-120 mg/ day for children and adolescents, 150 mg/day for adults, 220 mg/ day for pregnancy and 290 mg/day during lactation. RDA Zinc: 2-3 mg/day for infants, 3-5 mg/day for children, 8-11 mg/day for male adolescents and adults, 8-9 mg/day for female adolescents and adults, 12 mg/day during pregnancy and 13 mg/day for lactation. RDA Vitamin C: 40-50 mg/day for infants, 15-45 mg/ day for children, 75 mg/day for male adolescents, 65 mg/day for female adolescents, 90 mg/day for adult males, 75 mg/day for adult females, 80-85 mg/day during pregnancy and 115-120 mg/ day during lactation. Recommendations for copper, selenium, molybdenum, vitamins E, K, carotenoids and polyphenols are also presented. These recommendations will help to design adequate and efficient policies that could help to avoid or to treat the consequences derived from the deficiency or the excess of these nutrients.

The quality of the spermatozoa obtained from canine epididymis tail before and after being cryopreserved at 3, 24, 48 and 72 hours postmortem was evaluated. The sperm was obtained by orchiectomy of sacrificed canines, which after dissection of the epididymis, the sperm was collected by retrograde flow with the diluent Andersen. The progressive motility, viability and acrosomal integrity were evaluated in the samples obtained before and after being cryopreserved at -196°C in liquid nitrogen. The results showed that the average number of spermatozoa with progressive motility decreased significantly (p<0.05) after 48 hours, when values of 70.45±5.88 and 25.85±4.04, postmortem and post-thawed respectively, were obtained. The live spermatozoa also decreased significantly (p<0.05) to obtain percentages of 92.35±1.78 at 3 hours, to of 79.95±3.48 at 24 hours, to 60.75±6.73 at 48 hours and 58.45±3.37 at 72 hours. Likewise, the averages of live spermatozoa at thawing decreased significantly (p<0.05), where the the percentages of live spermatozoa were 73.30±4.64 at 3hours, 61.75±5.46 at 24 hours, 48.95±5.15 at 48 hours and 29.75±5.8 at 72 hours. Finally, the acrosomal integrity was significantly reduced (p<0.05) with the best results observed until the 24 hours, 78.05±4.57 and 61.95±4.55 for post-thawing and postmortem, respectively. It was concluded that the extraction technique with the diluent used and freezing allows a favorable postmortem recovery of sperm from epididymis tail of dogs.

Con el objetivo de evaluar la calidad de espermatozoides obtenidos de cola de epidídimo de caninos, antes y después de ser criopreservados, a 3, 24, 48 y 72 horas postmortem, se obtuvieron los mismos, mediante orquiectomía de caninos sacrificados, a los cuales se les realizó la disección del epidídimo y mediante flujo retrogrado con el diluyente Andersen se recolectaron los espermatozoides. A las muestras obtenidas se les evaluó la movilidad progresiva, viabilidad e integridad acrosomal antes y después de ser criopreservadas a -196°C en nitrógeno líquido. Los resultados muestran que el promedio de espermatozoides con movilidad progresiva va decreciendo significativamente (p<0.05) después de las 48 horas donde se obtiene un 70.45±5.88, 25.85±4.04 postmortem y postdescongelado, respectivamente. Para los espermatozoides vivos también va disminuyendo de manera significativa (p<0.05) obteniendo un porcentaje de 92.35±1.78 a las 3 horas, a las 24 horas de 79.95±3.48; a las 48 horas de 60.75±6.73 y a las 72 horas de 58.45±3.37. Asimismo el promedio de espermatozoides vivos al descongelar fue disminuyendo de manera significativa (p<0.05), a las 3 horas 73.30±4.64 de espermatozoides vivos, a las 24 horas 61.75±5.46, a las 48 horas 48.95±5.15 y a las 72 horas 29.75±5.8. Por último la integridad acrosomal obtuvo una disminución con diferencia significativa (p<0.05) encontrando los mejores resultados postmortem y postdescongelado hasta las 24 horas 78.05±4.57, 61.95±4.55. Se concluye que la técnica de extracción con el diluyente utilizado, así como la congelación son favorables para la recuperación de espermatozoides de cola de epidídimo de perros postmortem.

La evaluación en todos los niveles es una función fundamental en la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). La evaluación de los sistemas de vigilancia epidemiológica es esencial para asegurar que los problemas de importancia para la salud pública sean monitorizados de manera eficiente y efectiva. El Sistema de Información Nutricional sobre Vitaminas y Minerales (VMNIS, por sus siglas en inglés) se evaluó desde la perspectiva de sistema de vigilancia e informática en salud pública. Los pasos incluyeron: el involucramiento de las partes interesadas en la evaluación, la descripción del sistema de vigilancia, el enfoque del diseño para la evaluación, la recopilación de pruebas fiables sobre el rendimiento del sistema, la justificación y desarrollo de conclusiones y recomendaciones, y la diseminación de las lecciones aprendidas de la evaluación. Después de este proceso, la OMS inició importantes esfuerzos para mejorar y ampliar el Sistema de Información Nutricional sobre Vitaminas y Minerales para lograr una base de datos más flexible y eficiente. Este artículo resume la evaluación de esta base de datos para documentar un buen ejemplo de cómo los marcos de evaluación en salud pública pueden llevar a mejorar la información en los sistemas de vigilancia contribuyendo de esta manera al objetivo final de mejorar la salud pública.

Evaluation at all levels is a fundamental function at World Health Organization (WHO). Evaluation of public health surveillance systems is essential to ensure that problems of public health importance are monitored efficiently and effectively. The WHO's Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System (VMNIS) was evaluated from the perspective of public health surveillance and informatics. Steps included: engaging the stakeholders of the evaluation; describing the surveillance system; focusing the evaluation design; gathering credible evidence regarding system performance; justifying and stating conclusions and recommendations, and sharing lessons learned from the evaluation. Following this assessment, WHO has begun major efforts to upgrade and expand the VMNIS and now the database is more flexible and efficient. The database evaluation summarized in this paper provides a good example of how public health evaluation frameworks can lead to improved surveillance and enhanced information systems, thus making progress toward the ultimate goal of improving public health.

León, Abad and Rosas (2010b) shown that as the training increased attention to the context decreased. Thus, increasing the training might produce a greater generalization between different contexts. The main goal of the present experiments was to test this idea modifying different values of the context (i. e., colors) using an instrumental task with humans. The task was a videogame in which participants performed under an IV2s schedule in presence of different discriminative stimuli to obtain reinforces. In Experiment 1 two groups were trained with 3 or 8 trials, then a test trial was conducted in the training context (i. e., yellow) or in a different context (i. e., red). Results shown that changed the context produced a loss of performance. In Experiment 2 two groups were trained with similar parameters used in Experiment 1 but using an orange context. Test was conducted with different values of the orange (i. e., training context) toward yellow and red. The pattern of the data suggests that experience with the task modulates in different ways attention to contextual cues.

León, Abad y Rosas, (2010b) demostraron que la atención al contexto se pierde conforme aumenta el entrenamiento. Así, a medida que aumenta el entrenamiento se observa una mayor generalización entre contextos distintos al de entrenamiento al perderse la atención. El objetivo del presente estudio fue poner a prueba ésta idea empleando una tarea instrumental en humanos con distintos valores del contexto (color). La tarea consistió en un juego de ordenador en el que se emitían distintas respuestas bajo un programa IV2s, en presencia de distintos estímulos discriminativos. En el Experimento 1 se entrenaron dos grupos con 3 y 8 ensayos, posteriormente se realizó un ensayo de prueba en el contexto de entrenamiento (amarillo) y en un contexto diferente (rojo). Los resultados demostraron una disminución de la ejecución con el cambio de contexto. En el Experimento 2 se entrenaron dos grupos de manera similar al Experimento 1, empleando un contexto naranja. Durante la prueba se presentaron degradaciones del color del contexto de entrenamiento con valores intermedios hacia el color amarillo y rojo. Los resultados sugieren que la atención al contexto de entrenamiento está modulada diferencialmente por la cantidad de entrenamiento en la tarea.

This article describes the patterns of occupational mobility of hake fishermen through a quantitative analysis of their occupational aspirations and expectations. The methodology considers the use of secondary data collected through a survey administered to 302 fishermen applied in inlets of the Bio Bio Region in Chile. The results indicate an identity component in the occupational mobility which influences workers' aspirations and expectations with respect to themselves and their children. Subjectively, the traditional dimension of the trade is characterized by the importance of work in the identity of individuals, by the permanency in the sector, by the intergenerational transmission of the trade, in the presence of family businesses around fishing and in the denial to change jobs.

Este artículo expone un acercamiento a las pautas de movilidad ocupacional de los pescadores dedicados a la extracción de la merluza a través de un análisis cuantitativo de sus aspiraciones y expectativas ocupacionales. La Metodología consideró el uso de datos secundarios recolectados a través de una encuesta administrada a 302 pescadores aplicada en caletas de la Región del Bio Bio, Chile. Los resultados indican que existe un componente identitario que define las pautas de movilidad ocupacional de los pescadores en términos de sus aspiraciones ocupacionales y las expectativas que los Pescadores proyectan para sí mismos y sus hijos. A un nivel subjetivo, la dimensión tradicional del oficio de pescador artesanal se ejemplifica en la importancia que tiene el trabajo como eje constituyente de la identidad de los individuos, en la permanencia en el sector, en la transmisión intergeneracional del oficio, en la creación de empresas familiares en torno a la pesca y en la negación a cambiar de ocupación.

Chagasic cardiomyopathy is a common disease in Latin America, however similar clinical pictures exist that can be confused with this, as they give negative results to the tests that detects T. cruzi, like non Chagasic rural endemic chronic cardiopathy, highly common in Venezuela. Using histopathology techniques, "idiopathic cardiomyopathy" is frequently found as the cause of death when the etiology of this disease is not known. This paper presents the case of a man of 26 years old who died of dilated cardiomyopathy secondary to leptospirosis. Clinically, in addition to the cardiac failure, jaundice, hyperbilirubinemia, transaminases increase, proteinuria and hematuria were present. Initially it was suspected Chagasic cardiomyopathy but the epidemiologic background and the parasitologic and serologic tests for T. cruzi gave negative results. The dark field microscopy videorecording of blood and urine samples, argentic impregnation and immunohistochemistry tests as well as haemoculture in EMJH medium were positive for L. interrogans serovar Pomona. Postmortem we confirmed the presence of leptospira in different tissues through of histopathology, argentic impregnation, indirect immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry.

La miocardiopatía chagásica es común en Latinoamérica, sin embargo, existen cuadros similares que se pueden confundir con ésta, pero son negativos a las pruebas para detectar T. cruzi, como la cardiopatía crónica endémica rural no chagásica, común en Venezuela. En México y otros países es común encontrar como causa de muerte la "miocardiopatía idiopática" cuando no se encuentra la etiología de la misma. Se presenta el caso de un hombre de 26 años que murió por miocardiopatía dilatada secundaria a leptospirosis. Clínicamente, además de la falla cardiaca destacaban ictericia, hiperbilirrubinemia, elevación de transaminasas, hematuria y proteinuria. Inicialmente se había sospechado miocardiopatía chagásica, pero los antecedentes epidemiológicos y las pruebas parasitológicas y serológicas para T. cruzi fueron negativos. Se le practicó videograbación en microscopía de campo oscuro en sangre y orina, impregnación argéntica, inmunohistoquímica y hemocultivo en medio EMJH, positivos todos a leptospirosis. El cultivo fue positivo a L. interrogans serovariedad Pomona. Postmortem se confirmó la detección de leptospira en tejidos mediante histopatología, impregnación argéntica, inmunofluorescencia indirecta e inmunohistoquímica.